Studenten kregen een selectie van 4 hoofdvragen die per studentenreeks licht varieerden.

1. Trade effects:
   Country X, a large exporter of commodity C, decides to implement an export quota on its producers. We consider a world with only two countries engaging on the world market: Country X, the exporter, and Country Y, who imports commodity C. Show the trade effects using graphs and/or a written explanation.
   Subvraag: Another country is also an exporter of commodity C but doesn’t impose an export quota. Show the effects on this country as well with graphs and/or a written explanation (welfare analysis is not required).

2. Policy design:

   • Variant A: What ideal policy instrument mix would you implement in the EU to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from beef cattle combined with an increase in income for farmers in the meat-producing sector? Explain the effects on transfer efficiency, trade distortion, consumer prices, and producer prices. Compare your proposal with alternative instruments to justify why yours is the ideal mix.
   • Variant B: What combination of policies would you put in place in the EU to strengthen domestic soybean production in order to reduce dependency on soybean imports? Explain the effects on transfer efficiency, trade distortion, consumer prices, and producer prices. Include deficiency payments in your policy mix or compare your proposal directly against deficiency payments.

3. WTO Domestic Support:
   Explain the Amber, Blue, and Green Boxes of the WTO. Provide examples of policies currently in place:

   • Amber Box: for the meat industry and the sugar industry.
   • Blue Box: for the fruits and vegetables industry.
   • Green Box: for the fruits and vegetables industry and within the new CAP (2023-2027).

4. Short questions:

   • What are dollar bananas?
   • If I go to France and buy $1\text{ kg}$ of bananas for € 1.10, how much import tariffs did I pay?
   • Why was international trade in dairy quotas prohibited between Member States?
   • What would be the effect on the milk price at the farm-gate level if the EU eliminated all import tariffs on dairy products?
   • Is the existence of cooperatives advantageous or disadvantageous for farmers who are not members of a cooperative?
   • What is the effect on non-member farmers when the market share of dairy processing cooperatives exceeds 50%?
   • Give 2 major points of criticism regarding the use of subsidised agricultural insurance schemes.
   • Which policy measures are implemented within the EU CAP to enhance environmental quality, and which environmental measures impacting agriculture are enforced outside the CAP framework?

1. Geef de trade effects van een 'deficiency payment' grafisch weer of aan de hand van een heldere schriftelijke uiteenzetting.
2. Wat zijn 'agricultural externalities'? Geef een voorbeeld en leg uit op welke manieren het CAP hiermee tracht om te gaan.
3. Hoe worden 'trade distortion' en 'transfer efficiency' gedefinieerd en gekwantificeerd? Hoe scoren verschillende 'policy support measures' op deze twee criteria?
4. Negen korte vragen over de groepswerken:
   • Geef drie pro's en contra's voor het gebruik van GMO's in de Europese Unie.
   • Waarom is Belize harder geraakt door het afschaffen van de EU-suikerquota dan Brazilië?
   • Welk gewas wordt wereldwijd het meest aangewend voor de productie van bio-ethanol?
   • Welke vleessector (beef, pork, poultry...) verbruikt het grootste aandeel van het CAP-budget en waarom?
   • Binnen welke agrarische deelsector wordt het marktbeleid hoofdzakelijk georganiseerd door producentenorganisaties?
   • Waarom mochten melkquota niet internationaal worden verhandeld tussen EU-lidstaten?
   • Leg het concept en de problematiek rond 'dollar bananas' uit.
   • Wat is de rol van operationele programma's (OP) in het beleid rond groenten en fruit?