Big question

1. Explain the mechanism of CHO cells and why is this used?
2. Give the steps of the preclinical phase.

Small questions 3. Why are LNPs needed for mRNA delivery and what are the 4 parts of it + function? 4. Nanobody — what is the difference in structure with a normal antibody, and give an advantage of this in therapeutics? 5. What is cloning by dilution with a cloning ring? 6. Give the differences between a normal and an improved seed train.

2 big questions:

• Discuss which steps you would undertake in the lab to make a DNA vaccine for poultry against Chlamydia.
• Discuss the clinical and administrative phase for the approval of a drug.

4 questions needing a small answer:

• Proton-sponge effect for the transfection of cation polymers that interact with mRNA
• Sterilisation methods. What is the best method to verify if the autoclaving cycle was successful?
• Why was the RNA vaccine for COVID-19 developed and on the market so quickly?
• Give a schematic overview of how antigen-specific nanobodies are made.

Grote vragen

• Tissue explant: old and new method, biggest disadvantage and how to solve it
• Co-precipitation with calcium phosphate and bsd gene for selection — explain both, how they work
• Steps of preclinical phase

Kleine vragen

• Proton-sponge effect
• 3D support matrix for organoids (composition and what is it, and exact name)
• Toxoid or anatoxin: what is it and how do you make it
• Practicum: immunofluorescence — what are the steps if antibody already diluted? Start from transfected cells in container on coverslip and end ready to put under the microscope.

2 grote vragen: (beetje beantwoorden zoals bij Inbio, leg dus ook de randprocessen uit en smijt met termen uit de cursus)

• There are two main ways to perform enzymatic digestion — explain them.
• CHO cells. What are they? What is their main use?
• Discuss the mechanism of cell adhesion by adherent cells in a tissue culture flask.
• What are COS cells and discuss the DEAE-mediated transient transfection method of COS cells.

2 kleine vragen: (kort uitleggen)

• Draw an airlift bioreactor and explain briefly.
• Explain the use of electroporation as a transfection method.
• Draw a class 2 microbiological safety cabinet and discuss the technical operation of this appliance.
• What is a 'spinner' culture? Explain and give a figure.