1. Discuss the digestion in the colon (substrates, end products).

   • How does this influence:
     • a. Colon cancer
     • b. Polyphenols
   • How would you monitor in vivo fermentation in humans?

2. Describe 3 mechanisms by which the hypothalamus regulates energy balance.

   • What will be the influence of:
     • a. Working night shifts?
     • b. A low glycemic index diet?
     • c. Ozempic?

   (Studentenopmerking: Not 100% sure if I remember this question correctly)

3. Explain the differences between:

   • a. Chylomicrons and LDL
   • b. Calcaemia and xerophthalmia
   • c. Adaptive relaxation and peristaltic contraction
   • Briefly explain their nutritional relevance.

4. A supplement with iron and folate is given to women to cover pregnancy.

   • Discuss the bioconversion of both and why they are given to pregnant women.
   • Would you add other nutrients to this supplement? Explain using a risk-benefit analysis.

5. Given are the PDCAAS and DIAAS scores of a corn-based cereal breakfast (around $7%$ and $1.3$).

   • What are these two scores and what is their nutritional significance?
   • Which score would you use and why?
   • What do these scores say about the breakfast?

6. Regulation and balance of $\text{NaCl}$:

   • Explain $\text{NaCl}$ balancing in the body.
   • How can the difference in blood pressure between salt-sensitive and salt-insensitive people be explained?
   • Work out a strategic plan to replace $\text{Na}$ with $\text{K}$ nationwide. How will this solve the problem of hypertension?

1. Beschrijf stap voor stap de endogene hydrolytische vertering en absorptie van lipiden bij de mens. Welke invloed oefent de gelijktijdige aanwezigheid van viskeuze en onoplosbare voedingsvezels uit op de vorming van emulsies, micellen en de uiteindelijke absorptiekinetiek?
2. Bespreek de fysiologische effecten van leptine op de eetlustregulatie en het lichaamsgewicht. Wat verandert er aan de leptinesignalering en het verzadigingsmechanisme bij:
   • Het Atkins-dieet (extreem koolhydraatarm, ketogeen)
   • Een time-restricted feeding regime (intermittent fasting)
   • Een dieet waarin vetten en koolhydraten strikt gescheiden worden ingenomen
   • Behandeling met een GLP-1-receptoragonist (bv. semaglutide / Ozempic)
3. Licht het mechanisme van de enterale ijzerabsorptie en het systemische transport toe. Noem en bespreek 2 betrouwbare biochemische merkers om de ijzerstatus nauwkeurig op te volgen bij:
   • Vrouwen tijdens de lactatieperiode
   • Zuigelingen in de overgangsfase naar complementaire voeding
4. Wat is het actuele nutritionele probleem aangaande de zoutconsumptie in België?
   • Welke structurele maatregelen zou jij voorstellen om de inname op populatieniveau terug te dringen?
   • Wat zijn de maatschappelijke en technologische beperkingen van een bevolkingsbrede zoutreductie?
   • Is het beleidsmatig mogelijk om de onbalans tussen natrium (te hoog) en jodium (te laag) via één geïntegreerde interventie op te lossen?
5. Beschrijf 2 methoden om het verschil in eiwitkwaliteit (voedingswaarde van aminozuren) tussen conventioneel vleeseiwit en een modern plantaardig vleesalternatief experimenteel te meten. Verandert het nutritionele oordeel wanneer men de integrale nutritionele densiteit van de matrix in beschouwing neemt? Koppel dit aan de maatschappelijke eiwitshift in Vlaanderen.
6. Bespreek de metabole en endocriene functies van vitamine D in het lichaam.
   • Geef 2 specifieke factoren of interacties die de intestinale vitamine D-absorptie negatief beïnvloeden.
   • Is het fysiologisch en toxicologisch verantwoord om vitamine A en vitamine D gelijktijdig via hooggedoseerde supplementen toe te dienen? Beargumenteer op basis van competitie aan receptoren en transporteiwitten.

1. Discuss the endogenous hydrolytic digestion and absorption of lipids in the human body. Explain (with mechanisms) how these processes can optimize infant feeding and increase health risks of phytosterols.
2. Explain the role of the intestinal wall in the regulation of:
   • a. energy balance
   • b. iron balance in humans
   Which regulation is most efficient and why? Give an example of how nutrigenetics can contribute to:
   • a. energy requirements of individuals
   • b. iron requirements of individuals
3. Describe the difference between organoid models, the ALI-system (air-liquid interface), and organ-on-a-chip models. Which of these models would be best suited to study cellular plasticity, gluconeogenesis, and de novo lipogenesis?
4. Discuss two methods to determine the recommendation for essential amino acids in humans. Which are the most accurate and why? How would these recommendations change for:
   • a. protein-energy undernourished children
   • b. athletes

1. Explain the endogenous carbohydrate digestion and absorption. Sucrose (= glucose + fructose) is a disaccharide; design an in vivo experiment to determine the order in which the two monosaccharides will be used as an energy source. What would you expect? Do you expect any difference if you change the quantities of the two monosaccharides?
2. Explain the genetic and environmental factors leading to obesity on a population level. Use this theory to explain the in utero influences in the following cases:
   • a. neural tube defects
   • b. obesity
   • c. polyphenol metabolism
3. Explain the different cells and structural adaptations in the intestines (opmerking: geen GALT bespreken, dit stond letterlijk zo in de vraag). Explain the renewal of the intestinal wall. Design an in vitro model to measure this rate of renewal. How can this be influenced by:
   • a. muscle metabolism
   • b. stem cell damage
4. Explain the function of the intestines and liver in:
   • a. lipoproteins
   • b. vitamin A
   How would you give personal recommendations for these molecules based on individual differences?

   Tip van studenten: De docent vermeldde bij de bespreking dat biomarkers hierbij aan bod moeten komen.

Versie 1:

1. Explain digestion and absorption of proteins in the human body. Give two mechanisms how they can have a role in food intake reduction. What are the limitations of this approach?

2. What is the role of folic acid and vitamin A in gene regulation? Give 2 methods how you can influence this.

3. Give the characteristics of 2D organoids and of air-liquid interface (ALI) models. Which one of these two would you use for the study of:

   • a. bioavailability of polyphenols
   • b. the effect of lipids on carcinogenesis

   Motivate your answer.

4. Graph given about glucose metabolism:

   

   • a. Explain the different parts (I–V) of the graph.
   • b. Explain briefly how these conditions influence (i) free fatty acids and (ii) nitrogen in the urine.

Versie 2:

1. Describe the endogenic hydrolysation and absorption of carbohydrates. How can a taste receptor be used to decrease or increase the glycemic index?
2. Describe the bioconversions of:
   • a. vitamin A
   • b. essential fatty acids
   Can an organ-on-a-chip model be used to study these bioconversions?
3. How are the recommendations made for essential amino acids for:
   • a. infants
   • b. other age groups
   Which one gives the most accurate recommendations? Explain your answer.
4. What are the differences in regulation of iron absorption and calcium absorption? Which one is more regulated and why? Give one factor that influences both of their regulations and explain.